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Use Mockito with Spring

In Mockito Answer, we mock the process.

Why Mockito

Unit tests are to test behaviours with initialling the real objects or load the real dependencies. Mocks and stubs are fake Java classes that replace these external dependencies. Stubs have hardcoded logic. Mockito is the most popular Mocking framework for unit tests written in Java.

Common targets for mocking are:

  • Database connections,
  • Web services,
  • Slow classes,
  • Classes with side effects, and
  • Classes with non-deterministic behaviour.

How to mock a behaviour

  1. Before method run, you tell Mockito what to do when methods got called
  2. While method run, mock instance run without dependencies
  3. After method run, you verify the result

Mockito offers two ways of stubbing.

  1. when this method is called, then do something
  2. Do something when this mock’s method is called with the given arguments

The first way is considered preferred because

  • it is typesafe and
  • readable.

However, you’re forced to use the second way, such as when stubbing a real method of a spy because calling it may have unwanted side effects.

Enable Mockito annotations

With jUnit 4

Two ways

  1. Annotate the JUnit testing class

    Mockito runner initializes proxy objects annotated with the @Mock annotation.

    @RunWith(MockitoJUnitRunner.class)
public class MockitoAnnotationTest {}

  2. Initialise it inside of @Before

    @Before
public void init() {
    MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this);
}

With jUnit 5

@ExtendWith(MockitoExtension.class)
class MockitoAnnotationTest {}

Annotations

  • @Mock creates and injects mocked instances. It equals to Mockito.mock.
  • @Spy spy the behavious (in order to verify them).
  • Captor to create an ArgumentCaptor instance.
  • @InjectMocks to inject mock fields into the tested object automatically.
  • @MockBean uses in Spring Boot. We use it to add mock objects to the Spring application context. The mock will replace any existing bean of the same type in the application context. It’s useful when you need to mock an external service.

1. @Mock

  • Without @Mock

    @Test
public void testWithoutMockAnnotation() {
    List mockList = Mockito.mock(ArrayList.class);
    mockList.add("one");
}

  • With @Mock

    @Mock List<String> mockedList;

@Test
public void testWithMockAnnotation() {
    mockList.add("one");
}

2. @Spy

  • Without @Spy

    @Test
public void testWithoutSpyAnnotation() {
    List<String> spyList = Mockito.spy(new ArrayList<String>());

    spyList.add("one");
    Mockito.verify(spyList).add("one");
}

  • With @Spy

    @Spy List<String> spiedList = new ArrayList<String>();

@Test
public void testWithSpyAnnotation() {
    spiedList.add("one");
    Mockito.verify(spiedList).add("one");
}

3. @Captor

  • Without @Captor

    @Test
public void testWithoutCaptorAnnotation() {
    List mockList = Mockito.mock(List.class);
    ArgumentCaptor<String> arg = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(String.class);

    mockList.add("one");
    Mockito.verify(mockList).add(arg.capture());

    assertEquals("one", arg.getValue());
}

  • With @Captor

    @Mock List mockedList;
@Captor ArgumentCaptor argCaptor;

@Test
public void testWithCaptorAnnotation() {
    mockedList.add("one");
    Mockito.verify(mockedList).add(argCaptor.capture());

    assertEquals("one", argCaptor.getValue());
}

4. @InjectMocks

It’s used to instantiate the @InjectMock annotated field and inject all the @Mock or @Spy annotated fields into it (if applicable).

All test class fields are scanned for annotations and proper test doubles are initialized and injected into the @InjectMocks annotated object (either by a constructor, property setter, or field injection, in that precise order).

If Mockito is not able to inject test doubles into the @InjectMocks annotated fields through either of the strategies, it won’t report failure—the test will continue as if nothing happened (and most likely, you will get NullPointerException).

5. @MockBean

The @MockBean will also be injected into the field.

@RunWith(SpringRunner.class)
public class MockBeanAnnotationIntegrationTest {

    @MockBean
    UserRepository mockUserRepository;

    @Test
    public void givenCountMethodMocked_WhenCountInvoked_ThenMockValueReturned() {
        Mockito.when(mockUserRepository.getSomething())
            .thenReturn(new Something());
    }
}

RETURNING CUSTOM RESPONSES

  1. When… Then

    when(passwordEncoder.encode("1")).thenAnswer(
       invocation -> invocation.getArgument(0) + "!");

when(passwordEncoder.encode("1")).thenAnswer(invocation -> {
   throw new IllegalArgumentException();
});

// throw exception instance
when(passwordEncoder.encode("1"))
  .thenThrow(new IllegalArgumentException());

// throw exception class
when(passwordEncoder.encode("1"))
  .thenThrow(IllegalArgumentException.class);

  2. Do… When

    doAnswer(invocation -> invocation.getArgument(0) + "!")
       .when(passwordEncoder).encode("1");

doThrow(new IllegalArgumentException()).when(passwordEncoder).encode("1");

doThrow(IllegalArgumentException.class).when(passwordEncoder).encode("1");

Argument Matchers

  • eq() //todo

Mock a void method

Mock a single saving

Saving a new User object, means service accept a user without Id and will return a user with id to the front end. When we mockito it, we would do it this way:

when(mockingRepository.save(any(User.class))).thenAnswer(new Answer<String>() {
    @Override
    public User answer(InvocationOnMock invocation) throws Throwable {
        User user = (User)invocation.getArguments()[0];
        user.setId(999L);
        return user;
    }
});

Mock a batch saving

In order to improve performance, we sometimes like to use saveAll() method. So this time we pass in a list of Users, here is the answer:

Mockito.when(mockRepository.saveAll(any(ArrayList.class)))
    .thenAnswer(new Answer<List<User>>() {
        @Override
        public List<User> answer(InvocationOnMock invocation) throws Throwable {
            List<User> users = (List)invocation.getArguments()[0];

            User user = users
                    .filter(user -> user.getId() == null)
                    .findFirst()
                    .get();

            user.setId(999L);
            return users;
        }
    });

Handle expected exception

In jUnit 4

when(myMock.doSomething()).thenThrow(new MyException());
@Test(expected=MyException.class)

@Rule
public ExpectedException expectedException = ExpectedException.none();

@Test
public void testExceptionMessage() throws Exception {
    expectedException.expect(AnyException.class);
    expectedException.expectMessage("The expected message");

    given(foo.bar()).willThrow(new AnyException("The expected message"));
}

In jUnit 5

@Test
void offeringPricesIsNull() {
    Exception theException = Assertions.assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class, () -> {
        CalculatorUtils.calculateMonthlyBill(null, 1d);
    });

    String actualMessage = exception.getMessage();
}

Spy

//todo

What Mockito cannot do

Mockito cannot mock or spy on:

  • Java constructs such as final classes and methods
  • static methods,
  • enums,
  • private methods (with Spring ReflectionTestUtils)
  • the equals() and hashCode() methods,
  • primitive types, and
  • anonymous classes.

Answer to this:

  • PowerMockito, an extension of the Mockito, let us mock static and private methods.
  • As per the design, you should not opt for mocking private or static properties because it violates the encapsulation.
  • You should refactor the offending code to make it testable.

Mockito mock private methods using RelectionTestUtils

The org.springframework.test.util package contains ReflectionTestUtils, which is a collection of relection-based utility methods to set a non-public field or invoke a private/protected setter method when testing the application code.

public class ReflectionUtilsTest {

    @Test
    public void private_field_access() throws Exception {

        Secret myClass = new Secret();
        myClass.initiate("aio");

        Field secretField = ReflectionUtils.findField(Secret.class, "secret", String.class); assertNotNull(secretField);

        ReflectionUtils.makeAccessible(secretField);
        assertEquals("zko", ReflectionUtils.getField(secretField, myClass));

        ReflectionUtils.setField(secretField, myClass, "cool");
        assertEquals("cool", ReflectionUtils.getField(secretField, myClass));
    }
}

Scenarios

1. The component is really bad designed and had too many dependencies

If we need to re-mock many dependency beans, how about we extract the logic into an abstract class?

public abstract class MockedRepository {
    @MockBean
    public ApplicationContext applicationContext;

    @MockBean
    public NamedParameterJdbcTemplate namedParameterJdbcTemplate;

    @MockBean
    public JdbcTemplate jdbc;

    @MockBean
    public Security security;

    @MockBean
    public UsersRepository usersRepository;
}

2. To mock it self

@RunWith(SpringRunner.class)
@ContextConfiguration
public class ItSelfRepositoryTest extends MockedRepository {

    @MockBean
    private DependencyOne dependencyOne;

    @MockBean
    private DependencyTwo dependencyTwo;

    @Autowired
    private ItSelfRepository itSelfRepository;

     @TestConfiguration
    static class ItSelfRepositoryConfiguration {
        @Bean
        public ItSelfRepository itSelfRepository() {
            return new ItSelfRepository();
        }
    }
}

3. Override default Spring-Boot application.properties settings in Junit Test

You can use @TestPropertySource to override values in application.properties. E.g.,

@RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class)
@SpringApplicationConfiguration(classes = ExampleApplication.class)
@TestPropertySource(locations="classpath:test.properties")
public class ExampleApplicationTests { }

NB. @TestPropertySource can accept a properties argument to overwrite some property inline, such as @TestPropertySource(properties = "myConf.myProp=valueInTest"), it’s useful in case that you don’t want a totally brand new property file.

References

Last update: Dec 2019

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